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What Are the Common Causes of Bloody Vaginal Discharge?

Nicole Etolen
Nicole Etolen

Bloody vaginal discharge can have many different causes, ranging from ovulation to disease. While the majority of the causes are not life threatening, a medical professional should evaluate unexpected or extremely heavy discharge. Common causes of bloody discharge include menstruation, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, the use of birth control, and trauma.

Normal vaginal discharge is a healthy part of a woman’s reproductive system, as it helps keep the vagina clean and regulates its pH balance. Normal discharge is typically clear, milky white, or yellowish in color. While the consistency is usually thin and runny, it can look and feel thicker or stickier during ovulation. Bloody vaginal discharge can be normal as well, but typically signals an underlying medical condition or trauma.

A medical professional should be consulted if a woman experiences abnormal vaginal discharge.
A medical professional should be consulted if a woman experiences abnormal vaginal discharge.

Menstruation, the shedding of the lining of the uterus, is the most common cause of normal bloody vaginal discharge. The bleeding typically lasts three to four days, with the heaviest days in the middle. The strength of the blood flow and length of menstruation differs between women; excessively heavy bleeding or a longer than usual cycle may indicate another underlying condition.

Bloody vaginal discharge may be the result of an STD.
Bloody vaginal discharge may be the result of an STD.

Some women experience this condition during pregnancy, especially in the beginning when the egg implants into the uterus. Implantation bleeding typically occurs between six to 12 days after fertilization and appears as a pinkish or brown shade. Additional light spotting throughout the pregnancy is typically normal, but a doctor should still check it out. Heavy bleeding can indicate miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.

Stopping birth control pills may cause withdrawal vaginal bleeding.
Stopping birth control pills may cause withdrawal vaginal bleeding.

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease, can cause abnormal bloody vaginal discharge. Gonorrhea can affect any sexually active person, but is most common in teenagers and young adults. If left untreated, the disease can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease that can cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs. Gonorrhea can also spread to the blood and joints and become life threatening. The disease responds well to antibiotics when caught in the early stages.

Ovarian cysts may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Ovarian cysts may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Fluctuating hormones, especially from medications, can cause vaginal bleeding. For example, stopping birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy can cause withdrawal bleeding as the body tries to relearn how to manage cycles on its own again. Bleeding can also occur while taking birth control. It is particularly common in patients using contraceptive injections, where bleeding can occur between periods for several months.

An irregular menstrual cycle could result in pink discharge or abnormal bleeding.
An irregular menstrual cycle could result in pink discharge or abnormal bleeding.

Numerous conditions of the reproductive system can cause vaginal bleeding. Trauma to the vaginal area, such as through sexual assault, can also cause this type of discharge. Vigorous consensual sexual intercourse can occasionally cause small tears in the lining of the vaginal walls as well, which may cause some temporary light spotting.

Other reproductive conditions, including ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and several different types of cancer, all have the potential to cause abnormal bleeding between cycles. Inflammatory diseases such as vaginitis and cervicitis may also present with this symptom. These conditions can become life threatening when left untreated.

Discussion Comments

irontoenail

If you know that you're prone to vaginal cysts, or if you've got sharp pain just under your pelvis combined with a red or brown discharge, you should seek medical help. That happened to me a few years ago and it turned out to be a ruptured cyst. Even though it wasn't very big and didn't need much treatment, it was still good to know what had happened.

And the doctor told me that there are women who don't stop bleeding and end up needing surgery to ensure the wound is closed. Cysts can apparently get very large and can be very dangerous, so it's always better to make sure that you are safe.

Not to mention that, as it says in the article, there could be any number of other things wrong. This is definitely not something that you want to just ignore and hope that it will go away.

umbra21

@Mor - I have to say that if I was pregnant and experienced some kind of bloody mucus discharge, I would go straight to the doctor, regardless of how much there was. I just wouldn't want to take the chance. I've known too many women who beat themselves up after losing a fetus because they didn't go to a doctor when symptoms first hit them.

In a lot of cases I suspect the doctor couldn't do anything anyway, but I think it can help to feel like you've done everything you can.

Mor

Something that I didn't realize is that it's completely possible to have spotting all the way through a pregnancy. A women I know through my workplace didn't actually realize that she was pregnant until she gave birth, because she had always had irregular periods and didn't realize her cycle had stopped.

I mean, I think if you're having enough of a discharge that it seems like a regular period when you're pregnant you should probably go to the doctor, but a bit of spotting is apparently completely normal.

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    • A medical professional should be consulted if a woman experiences abnormal vaginal discharge.
      By: javiindy
      A medical professional should be consulted if a woman experiences abnormal vaginal discharge.
    • Bloody vaginal discharge may be the result of an STD.
      By: Coka
      Bloody vaginal discharge may be the result of an STD.
    • Stopping birth control pills may cause withdrawal vaginal bleeding.
      By: Kimberly Reinick
      Stopping birth control pills may cause withdrawal vaginal bleeding.
    • Ovarian cysts may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding.
      By: joshya
      Ovarian cysts may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding.
    • An irregular menstrual cycle could result in pink discharge or abnormal bleeding.
      By: ryanking999
      An irregular menstrual cycle could result in pink discharge or abnormal bleeding.
    • Heavy, bloody vaginal discharge can indicate miscarriage.
      By: Ermolaev Alexandr
      Heavy, bloody vaginal discharge can indicate miscarriage.