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What Can Cause Projectile Vomiting?

Clara Kedrek
Clara Kedrek

Projectile vomiting is a condition that is classically associated with having increased intracranial pressure, a congenital condition called hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, or a condition called gastric outlet obstruction. Patients with projectile vomiting throw up the content of their stomachs with great force, often causing the gastric contents to travel a significant distance after leaving the mouth. Any patient with severe vomiting should be sure to check with a doctor or other health care professional in order to best determine the cause of the vomiting.

One of the most life-threatening causes of this type of vomiting is having increased intracranial pressure. The cranium, made of bone, only contains a limited amount of space for its contents, including the brain, linings of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A number of conditions can cause a pathologic increase in the pressure inside the brain, including brain tumors, the presence of excess CSF, meningitis, encephalitis, or bleeding in the brain. The increase in the pressure inside the cranium irritates the part of the brain the controls the process of vomiting, stimulating affected patients to have the onset of sudden, forceful vomiting. Other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure can include headaches, especially early in the morning, blurred vision, and confusion.

A young infant that exhibits projectile vomiting could have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which is easily corrected with surgery.
A young infant that exhibits projectile vomiting could have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which is easily corrected with surgery.

Young infants can be affected by a condition called hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which is another classic cause of projectile vomiting. Infants typically develop this condition in the first few weeks of life, and have symptoms including vomiting, weight loss, and poor sleep. It is a congenital condition in which the pyloric muscle of the stomach, which helps control the passage of food from the stomach into the intestines, becomes over-developed and inhibits the proper passage of food. The condition is diagnosed either by feeling this enlarged muscle by palpating the abdomen, or by the use of ultrasound imaging. It is easily cured by surgery.

Early morning headaches, along with projectile vomiting, could be a sign of increased intracranial pressure which is a life-threatening condition.
Early morning headaches, along with projectile vomiting, could be a sign of increased intracranial pressure which is a life-threatening condition.

Adults and older children can also develop this type of vomiting if the flow of food from the stomach into the intestines is impeded. This condition is generally known as gastric outlet obstruction. It can develop as a result of gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, peptic ulcer disease, lymphoma, tuberculosis, hemochromatosis, and amyloidosis. Curing this condition relies on treating the underlying disease.

Increased intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting.
Increased intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting.

Although projectile vomiting is mostly closely linked to the three conditions described above, other causes of vomiting could rarely cause this type. For example, viral gastroenteritis typically causes non-projectile vomiting. In severe cases, however, expulsion of substance from the stomach could be particularly forceful, and thus projectile in nature.

Discussion Comments

Fa5t3r

@Iluviaporos - Well, yes and no. It depends on what's causing the pressure. Often it can be relieved with a very simple operation.

But if you get the wrong thing happening with your stomach, you can die very easily. It might seem more simple than the brain (and, of course, it is) but it is extremely prone to infection if something damages it, just because of all the food and bacteria that goes along it all the time. And if too much goes wrong, then it's pretty difficult to get a replacement.

lluviaporos

@irontoenail - Yeah, when I did a first aid course and they mentioned some of the things that can cause that kind of reaction, it's really no laughing matter. The one that really got to me is that sometimes you can just get a twist in your intestines, so that nothing can go the way it's supposed to and you end up vomiting it back up. Unfortunately, it's usually gone further through the digestive system than normal vomit and so it's even more unpleasant than you might think.

Fortunately, it's not something that happens very often. And to some extent it's probably preferable to intracranial pressure, since I imagine the pressure is more likely to kill you.

irontoenail

I just want to mention that the term "projectile vomiting" gets used a lot in drinking culture and it's not what you think it is most of the time. People who are drinking (and acting like idiots, in my opinion) will often throw up quite spectacularly, simply because they've taken in a lot of liquid and there's a lot to come back out again. I've seen websites where people have posted pictures of this kind of thing and called it projectile vomiting.

But the real definition is vomiting that honestly gets thrown right across the room. If your drinking friend is managing to do that, they probably have something serious wrong with them and you need to call the ambulance, rather than take a picture.

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    • A young infant that exhibits projectile vomiting could have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which is easily corrected with surgery.
      By: kmrep
      A young infant that exhibits projectile vomiting could have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which is easily corrected with surgery.
    • Early morning headaches, along with projectile vomiting, could be a sign of increased intracranial pressure which is a life-threatening condition.
      By: Subbotina Anna
      Early morning headaches, along with projectile vomiting, could be a sign of increased intracranial pressure which is a life-threatening condition.
    • Increased intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting.
      By: jedi-master
      Increased intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting.
    • Gastric outlet obstruction may cause projectile vomiting in adults and older children.
      By: pathdoc
      Gastric outlet obstruction may cause projectile vomiting in adults and older children.
    • Peptic ulcer disease may cause projectile vomiting.
      By: rob3000
      Peptic ulcer disease may cause projectile vomiting.
    • The presence of gallstones may cause frequent vomiting.
      By: acherst
      The presence of gallstones may cause frequent vomiting.